Understanding Breton Identity in Brittany
When discussing the identity of Bretons, a common question arises: do they identify as French first or Breton first? The answer is not straightforward. Identity is a complex interplay of language, culture, and politics, shaped by both past and present circumstances.
What Does “First” Mean?
The question of whether one identifies as Breton first or French first is multifaceted. In the context of Brittany, individuals often view themselves as citizens who identify with both the region and the broader national identity, in various degrees. This dual identity is reflected in the local saying: “Je suis Breton, Fran?ais après” (I am Breton, French after).
The Case of a Brestois Citizen
Take, for example, a citizen from Brest. They could identify as Brestois first or Breton first, depending on their personal connection to the region. For instance, if a person lives in Recouvrance, they might identify as Yannick (a common Breton name) before their other identities. However, it's crucial to note that the person's nationality is French, as Brest is part of the French territory of Brittany.
Language and Culture
The language situation in Brittany is another factor to consider. According to data, 200,000 people, or 5% of the population, speak Breton. Additionally, 20,000 people speak Gallo, another regional language. The total population of Brittany is around 61 million, making these linguistic groups a minority in the region. Language choice can indicate cultural identity, but it doesn’t always reflect the full spectrum of personal identity.
Political Views and Autonomy
On the political front, Bretons have varying opinions on the autonomy of Brittany. According to a recent poll, 51.9% of Bretons believe Brittany should have more power than it currently does. This sentiment reflects a desire for greater regional autonomy, which is a common theme in many regions around the world. The idea of full independence (4.6%) is less popular, but the desire for a strong regional identity persists.
Cultural Practices and Identity
Despite the small percentage of people who speak Breton, the Breton identity remains strong. Cultural practices such as music and dance are a significant part of the region's identity. Traditional Breton music and dance, often performed at festivals and cultural events, continue to be celebrated. Additionally, the black and white Breton flag (Gwen a du) is widely recognized and often displayed.
Educational Efforts and Language Revival
Efforts to revitalize the Breton language and culture are gaining traction. For instance, some schools, known as écoles Diwan, are teaching Breton alongside French. This educational approach helps to preserve and promote the language to future generations. Though Breton is still a minority language, the percentage of people who can speak it is steadily increasing, thanks to these initiatives.
Conclusion
While the majority of people in Brittany identify as French first, the Breton identity remains strong and proud. The interplay between Breton and French identity is complex, reflecting the region's rich cultural heritage and its desire for preservation. As the region continues to evolve, the balance between these two identities will likely remain a subject of discussion and celebration.