The Symbolism and Heraldry of the Unicorn in Coat of Arms
In heraldry, the unicorn is a symbol of purity, innocence, and strength. This mythical creature, often elusive and difficult to capture, represents idealism, virtue, and the mysticism of the natural world. Unicorns have held a significant place in heraldic traditions, particularly in the British royal arms, where they embody the values of chivalry, purity, and nobility.
Unicorns in Heraldry: Purity, Strength, and Power
The unicorn's appearance in heraldry is often associated with purity, strength, and power. For centuries, monarchs of Scotland, beginning from the 15th century, have used the unicorn in their coats of arms. Kings favored the mythical beast as a symbol of power due to its mythical and revered qualities.
According to heraldic descriptions, a unicorn is typically depicted as a horse with a goat's cloven hooves and beard, a lion's tail, and a spiral horn on its forehead. While some depictions may add non-equine attributes, these are often replaced with equine ones. The unicorn was not a widespread heraldic symbol until the 15th century, likely due to its association with the Incarnation or the raw nature's fearsome animal passions.
The Unicorn in Scottish Heraldry
In Scottish heraldry, the unicorn holds a prominent place. In particular, it appears as a supporter of the Scottish royal arms. The unicorn is thought to represent Scotland's nobility and proud heritage. Its chained position symbolizes the controlled or tamed nature of noble virtues, reflecting the idea that noble virtues must be harnessed for the greater good.
The unicorns' lion-headed companion supports the arms of England. Together, they represent the union of Scotland and England in the United Kingdom's royal arms. The versions of the royal arms, one used for Scotland and the other for elsewhere, place varying emphasis on Scottish and English elements, respectively.
Historical Significance and Usage
Even before the 15th century, unicorns held a significant place in British history. Golden coins bearing the image of the unicorn, known as the unicorn and half-unicorn, served as currency in Scotland in the 15th and 16th centuries. Carved unicorns were also popular as finials on the pillars of Mercat crosses, marking a royal burgh.
Special permission to use the unicorn as an augmentation of honor was granted to certain noble families. For instance, Clan Cunningham features a unicorn head as its crest. This tradition of using the unicorn in heraldry signifies the pride and connection to Scottish heritage and nobility.
Conclusion
The unicorn, a symbol of purity, strength, and power, has played a crucial role in the coat of arms and heraldic traditions of the British monarchy, particularly in Scotland. Its symbolic significance extends beyond mere decoration, representing the values of chivalry, nobility, and the ideals of the natural world.
Understanding the cultural and historical context of the unicorn in heraldry can provide deeper insights into the symbolism used in coats of arms, particularly in Scotland. From the 15th century onward, the unicorn has been a potent symbol of Scottish identity and the attributes of its noble and mythical heritage.